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About Course
This beginner-friendly project introduces the world of Arduino by combining hardware and software in an easy and practical way. Students will understand how a microcontroller communicates with components, how to use code to control electronic devices, and how to start thinking like an engineer while creating interactive circuits.
// Visual Studio Code style highlighting (C++/Arduino)
#include <Servo.h>
// --- Pin Definitions ---
const int SERVO_PIN = 11;
const int TRIG_PIN = 8;
const int ECHO_PIN = 9;
// --- Constants for Servo ---
const int MIN_ANGLE = 0;
const int MAX_ANGLE = 180;
const int ANGLE_STEP = 1;
const int SWEEP_DELAY = 15; // Delay between servo movements in milliseconds
// --- Constants for Ultrasonic Sensor ---
// The speed of sound is 343 m/s or 29.1 microseconds per centimeter.
// The pulseIn() function measures the round trip time.
// So, the distance in cm is (duration / 2) / 29.1 = duration / 58.2
const float SOUND_SPEED_FACTOR = 58.2;
Servo myServo;
void setup() {
pinMode(TRIG_PIN, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ECHO_PIN, INPUT);
myServo.attach(SERVO_PIN);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
// Sweep from MIN_ANGLE to MAX_ANGLE
sweepAndMeasure(MIN_ANGLE, MAX_ANGLE, ANGLE_STEP);
// Sweep back from MAX_ANGLE to MIN_ANGLE
sweepAndMeasure(MAX_ANGLE, MIN_ANGLE, -ANGLE_STEP);
}
/**
* @brief Sweeps the servo motor and measures the distance at each step.
* @param startAngle The starting angle of the sweep.
* @param endAngle The ending angle of the sweep.
* @param step The increment or decrement for the angle.
*/
void sweepAndMeasure(int startAngle, int endAngle, int step) {
for (int angle = startAngle; (step > 0) ? (angle <= endAngle) : (angle >= endAngle); angle += step) {
myServo.write(angle);
delay(SWEEP_DELAY);
int distance = calculateDistance();
printData(angle, distance);
}
}
/**
* @brief Calculates the distance using the ultrasonic sensor.
* @return The calculated distance in centimeters.
*/
int calculateDistance() {
// Trigger the ultrasonic sensor
digitalWrite(TRIG_PIN, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(TRIG_PIN, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(TRIG_PIN, LOW);
// Read the echo pulse
long duration = pulseIn(ECHO_PIN, HIGH);
// Calculate the distance in centimeters
return static_cast<int>(duration / SOUND_SPEED_FACTOR);
}
/**
* @brief Prints the angle and distance data to the Serial Monitor.
* @param angle The current angle of the servo.
* @param distance The measured distance.
*/
void printData(int angle, int distance) {
Serial.print(angle);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.print(".");
}
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